Multitasking Debunked

By Molly Rose Teuke

“To do two things at once is to do neither.”  – Publilius Syrus, Latin writer

“Attention, multitaskers (if you can pay attention, that is): Your brain may be in trouble.”

Thus begins a Stanford University news release announcing a 2009 research study on multitasking. “What gives multitaskers their edge?” the researchers wondered. The answer, for anyone proud of being a champion multitasker, is not good news.

“They’re suckers for irrelevancy,” says Stanford researcher Clifford Nass. “Everything distracts them … the more irrelevant information they see, the more they’re attracted to it.”

If heavy multitaskers have trouble filtering out distractions, perhaps they are better at switching from task to task? But no. They have more trouble, not less, organizing their memories for easy retrieval of relevant information, an ability necessary for switching mental gears.

WHAT IS MULTITASKING?

It’s attending to multiple streams of input at the same time. When we claim to be multitasking, we’re generally either background tasking (doing a task that takes focus and attention, while performing a task we know how to do so well that we can do it in the background) or switch-tasking (rapidly switching between tasks that each require focus and attention).

The term “multitasking” springs from the computing world. Yet even computers are switching between tasks so quickly that it appears they’re performing multiple functions simultaneously. The word caught on in a human context and we’ve been bragging about it ever since. Unjustifiably, it turns out.

“People can’t multitask very well and, when people say they can, they’re deluding themselves,” says Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) neuroscientist Earl Miller. “The brain is very good at deluding itself.”

The brain is also very good at shifting attention quickly from one thing to another. But that may come at a cost. Researchers at the University of Sussex’s Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science tested adults who routinely attended to several media devices at the same time (a common form of multitasking). They found a disturbing lack of grey-matter density in a part of the brain that handles cognitive and emotional functions. More research is needed to determine causality, but just the suggestion that it could be the result of multitasking is reason to pause.

“Brain Rules,” a book by developmental molecular biologist and research consultant John Medina, describes what happens in the brain when we think we’re multitasking:

• When we undertake a task, the executive network of the brain alerts the rest of the brain that it’s about to shift attention (from whatever we were doing before).
• A search is initiated for the neurons (brain cells) capable of doing that task (say, writing a proposal or a report). This is called “rule activation” and it happens so quickly — in just a few tenths of a second — that we don’t notice it happening.
• When we decide to attend to a new task, e.g., answering the phone, the brain must disengage the rules for writing and the executive network alerts the brain that a new task (a switch) is about to begin.
• The executive network then initiates a new search for the “phone conversation rules” and the appropriate neurons are activated.

It doesn’t take much time, but tracking all the data involved in the earlier task is a cognitive load. If you’ve ever said, “Now, where was I?” when you finish a phone call and turn back to your original task, you get the challenge of this attentional disconnect. According to Medina, “Studies show that a person who’s interrupted takes 50% longer to accomplish a task [and] makes up to 50% more errors.”

THE IMPACT

When we switch-task, whatever we’re trying to accomplish takes longer, errors increase and the overall quality of the output goes down.

Recent studies suggest that even our intelligence quotient (IQ) suffers when we attempt to multitask. Research at the University of London found that participants who attempted to multitask during cognitive tasks lost IQ points equivalent to the effects of smoking marijuana or staying up all night.

Another study found that people who let themselves be distracted by email and phone calls experienced a 10-point drop in IQ. Forbes reports, “IQ drops of 15 points for multitasking men lowered their IQ to the average range of an 8-year-old child.”

WHAT’S AN OVERWORKED PROFESSIONAL TO DO?

With shrinking budgets, reduced staffing and increased competition, many feel we have no choice but to multitask just to keep our heads above water. Yet when we stop trying to multitask and focus more deeply on what we’re working on, we’re likely to experience greater productivity, not to mention less stress.

Here are some tips to break the habit of multitasking/switch-tasking:

• Resist active switching — the switching you consciously initiate. Do what’s necessary to maintain an undisturbed, focused space for your work. Close your office door. Turn off your cell phone or at least silence notifications. Hold your calls. Block out time on your calendar so you and everyone else knows which time slot is sacred.
• Minimize passive switching — the interruptions that others impose on you. Set office hours to indicate when you will (and won’t) be available to others. Establish set hours for checking email, perhaps just two or three times a day. Once others see that you’re not available 24/7 and that you will give their query focused attention during specific hour(s), they’ll adapt and perhaps appreciate the certainty. If this isn’t possible, at least set yourself up to be unavailable during times you need to be productive on a specific task.
• Make it a point to give others your full attention when you are engaged with them, whether it’s in a meeting, a one-off conversation or a phone call. No surreptitiously checking email, glancing at your texts, sneaking a peek at your calendar or scribbling packing notes for next week’s vacation. As you develop a habit of full attention, you may find that your encounters with others require less time because you’re fully aware of what’s being said, obviating the need for repeated questions, explanations or instructions. Besides being more efficient, it’s more satisfying to you and those around you.
• Use a timer to track how long you want to work uninterrupted. Instead of giving in to frequent, random distractions, work at a task as long as you can maintain focus. Then consciously stop that task, take up another and work at that one for as long as you can. Most of us find our attention wandering at some point — just go as long as you can. If you find yourself on a roll, great. Keep going. Just make sure you’re in charge of the interruptions and not at their mercy.
• Notice what distracts you and interrupts your thinking. Categorize them, and develop a plan for eliminating them or managing them in a way that allows adequate focus time. If, for example, you get a lot of random questions during budget season, schedule seasonal budget meetings in which people can rely on getting their questions answered without interrupting you.

Stop giving in to that misplaced cultural imperative to get it all done now. Accept multitasking for what it is — a surefire way to undermine your brain’s cognitive power. It will take practice, yet over time, you will learn to focus judiciously. Your brain will thank you for it — and chances are, everyone else in your life will, too.